Models used for testing medical devices range from the gold standard – a live human – to inadequate models that design engineers assemble themselves. Some even resort to using twisted up pieces of rubber tubing to simulate vessels for design validation testing. Obviously, this approach misguided, not just for medical devices but for any product requiring testing. Engineers relying on data from a poorly conceived test environment may move a design in the wrong direction, leading to increased development costs or a product never reaching its final stage.

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